Similarly, there is a need to observe that Changchun City will be full dependent on renewable energy by 2050. Arguably, whereas the city has witnessed an increase in the number of people who are connected to its natural and artificial gas grid, this number will reach 100 percent by 2050 (Foreign Affairs Office of Changchun Municipality, 2017b). This is particularly the case considering the fact that by this time, the construction of building will fully consider the power and energy that its residents will use, thus making a choice between electricity and gas in the early stages of its development. Therefore, to ensure that people’s experience is not interfered with, every building in this city will have a backup energy plan, by integrating both electricity and gas as energy supply for buildings. Importantly, the city will rely more on electricity from nuclear power plants rather than from renewable such as solar. This is as a result of the fact that this city often experiences severe winters during some seasons of the year, thus making the solar energy an unreliable source of electricity (Satake, 2012). Importantly, whereas a significant portion of the city’s waste is recycled while the rest is treated to acceptable standards and released into the environment, the 2050 Changchun City will have a 100 percent recycling of its waste (Foreign Affairs Office of Changchun Municipality, 2017a). This will help ensure that there is close to zero percent pollution to its environment.
同样，有必要观察到，到2050年，长春市将完全依赖可再生能源。可以说，尽管该市连接天然气和人造气电网的人数有所增加，但到2050年，这一数字将达到（长春市外事办公室，2017b）。考虑到这一事实，这时候，建筑的建设将充分考虑其居民将使用的电力和能源，从而作出选择在电力和天然气在其发展的早期阶段。因此，为了确保人们的体验不受干扰，该市的每栋建筑都将有一个备用能源计划，将电力和天然气作为建筑的能源供应。重要的是，该市将更多地依赖核电站的电力，而不是太阳能等可再生能源。这是因为该市在一年中的某些季节经常经历严冬，从而使太阳能成为不可靠的电源（Satake，2012）。重要的是，尽管该市的大部分废物被回收利用，而其余的则被处理到可接受的标准并排放到环境中，但2050年的长春市将回收其废物（长春市外事办公室，2017a）。这将有助于确保其环境污染率接近于零。
In addition, Changchun City will have different facilities and amenities to support this city’s capability to not only promote leisure activities but also be in a position to host both local and international events. To begin with, this city will increase the number of its stadiums to enhance its capability to host both indoor and outdoor events. In reference to Avery (2014), whereas the city concentrated on hosting indoor events in the past, this has since changed. On the contrary, the city has witnessed and increased interest in hosting outdoor events such as football and athletics. Speaking from this point of view, the city will have more than eight stadiums to enable it host different leisure and sporting events, both local and international. Apart from these facilities, the city will also increase its learning facilities not only at a higher education level but also at a basic education level. In reference to Foreign Affairs Office of Changchun Municipality (2017c), one of the main objectives of this city is to enhance its engagement in science and technology through education. Therefore, by 2050, the city will have learning facilities that promote development and sharing of knowledge as well as research hubs and universities to promote the development of scientific knowledge and skills.
此外，长春市将拥有不同的设施和便利设施，以支持该市不仅能够促进休闲活动，而且能够主办本地和国际活动。首先，这座城市将增加其体育场馆的数量，以提高其举办室内和室外活动的能力。参考Avery（2014），尽管该市过去专注于举办室内活动，但这一点已经改变。相反，该市见证并增加了举办足球和田径等户外活动的兴趣。从这个角度来看，该市将拥有8个以上的体育场馆，以举办不同的休闲和体育赛事，包括本地和国际赛事。除这些设施外，该市还将增加其学习设施，不仅包括高等教育水平，还包括基础教育水平。关于长春市外事办公室（2017c），该市的主要目标之一是通过教育加强对科技的参与。因此，到2050年，该市将拥有促进知识发展和共享的学习设施，以及促进科学知识和技能发展的研究中心和大学。
Overview of eventful cities and event portfolios as a strategy 作为一项战略的重大事件城市和事件组合概述
Over the years, cities have emerged as critical economic pillars in countries across the globe. As a result of this, cities worldwide are increasingly channeling their strengths towards presenting themselves as more attractive as compared to their neighbors in a bid to attract visitors. Speaking from this point of view, Smith (2012) argues that events play an instrumental role in helping market cities to potential visitors and investors across the globe. In this case, events are perceived as a way to attract both visitors and potential investors and once they come to such cities, they would find reasons to either engage in different activities thus helping generate revenue for the residents and the city at large, or they would find the city attractive to invest in because of its potential to attract both local and international visitors. In their analysis on city and events, van Aalst and van Melik (2012) reiterate that events play a critical role in attracting the attention of the media, thus enabling cities to become renown not only within a particular economy but also on the international scene. According to van Aalst and van Melik (2012), this is necessary to attract different kinds of visitors and as such, boost the economic status of the city. Thus, events are perceived as a conduit for economic growth and development in cities. In other words, events are not only expected to bring a particular city into the limelight but also to help such a city generate revenue.
多年来，城市已成为全球各国重要的经济支柱。因此，为了吸引游客，世界各地的城市越来越多地将自己的优势引导到比邻居更具吸引力的地方。从这一观点出发，Smith（2012）认为，活动在帮助市场城市吸引全球潜在游客和投资者方面发挥了重要作用。在这种情况下，活动被视为吸引游客和潜在投资者的一种方式，一旦他们来到这些城市，他们就会找到从事不同活动的理由，从而帮助居民和整个城市创造收入，或者，他们会发现这座城市具有投资吸引力，因为它有潜力吸引本地和国际游客。van Aalst和van Melik（2012）在对城市和事件的分析中重申，事件在吸引媒体注意力方面发挥着关键作用，从而使城市不仅在特定经济体中，而且在国际舞台上享有盛名。根据van Aalst和van Melik（2012年）的说法，这对于吸引不同类型的游客以及提升城市的经济地位是必要的。因此，活动被视为城市经济增长和发展的渠道。换言之，活动不仅会让某个城市成为人们关注的焦点，还能帮助这座城市创造收入。
Similarly, it is expected that as the cities host different events and attract visitors both from within the economy as well as from the international scene, they will promote social, cultural, economic and political interactions, thus promoting sharing of knowledge and culture and as such, laying a foundation for improvement of the quality of life of the local people. In this regard, Richards and Palmer (2010) observe that through interactions, people from different cultural background can have a significant impact on the lives of the local people, thus helping them improve their quality of life. With this in mind, it is expected that the local social, cultural, economic and political environment will experience a significant transformation through consistent interaction with people from other countries through the events that a city hosts.
同样，预计随着城市举办不同的活动，吸引来自经济内部和国际舞台的游客，它们将促进社会、文化、经济和政治互动，从而促进知识和文化的共享，为当地人民生活质量的提高打下基础。在这方面，Richards和Palmer（2010）观察到，通过互动，不同文化背景的人可以对当地人的生活产生重大影响，从而帮助他们提高生活质量。考虑到这一点，预计当地的社会、文化、经济和政治环境将通过城市主办的活动与其他的人进行持续互动而经历重大转变。
In their analysis the expected benefits of future events, Kline and Oliver (2014) uses the Community Capital Framework to evaluate different form of capitals that exist in cities. The Community Capital Framework identifies seven forms of capitals namely natural, cultural, human, social, political, financial and built capital. To begin with, Kline and Oliver (2014) describe the natural capital as the natural and other location-based resources that cities have. With this in mind, this form of capital focused on the unique resources that a location has that may not be found elsewhere. For example, waterfalls are found in some regions while others lack such resources. Similarly, Kline and Oliver (2014) describe cultural capital as the heritage that a particular region has, while the human capital is described as the skills and abilities that people living in a particular region possess. In the same way, the social capital and the political capital are perceived as the link between institutions and people that held them to collaborate, and the level of accessibility to people of greater influence is society respectively (Kline & Oliver, 2014). In addition to this, Kline and Oliver (2014) observe that the built capital and the financial capital feature aspects such as infrastructure as well as financial resources that play a critical role in community develop. Speaking from this point of view, there is a need to observe that the future cities will exploit one or a multiple of these capitals to host and promote events, thus enhancing their ability to attract a wide array of visitors. For instance, cities could exploit aspect such as financial and human capital to promote a city as a destination for investment. In line with this, such a city will host events that showcase the portfolio of its skills as well as the financial muscles to support investment in different sectors within it.
在对未来活动的预期收益的分析中，Kline和Oliver（2014）使用社区资本框架来评估城市中存在的不同形式的资本。社区资本框架确定了七种资本形式，即自然资本、文化资本、人力资本、社会资本、政治资本、金融资本和建筑资本。首先，Kline和Oliver（2014）将自然资本描述为城市拥有的自然资源和其他基于位置的资源。考虑到这一点，这种形式的资本将重点放在一个地点拥有的独特资源上，而这些资源在别处可能找不到。例如，一些地区发现了瀑布，而其他地区则缺乏此类资源。同样，Kline和Oliver（2014）将文化资本描述为特定地区拥有的遗产，而人力资本则描述为生活在特定地区的人们所拥有的技能和能力。同样，社会资本和政治资本被视为机构和人民之间的纽带，使他们能够合作，而更具影响力的人的接触程度则分别是社会（Kline&Oliver，2014）。除此之外，Kline和Oliver（2014）观察到，建设资本和金融资本具有基础设施以及金融资源等方面，这些方面在社区发展中起着关键作用。从这个角度讲，有必要观察到，未来的城市将利用这些首都中的一个或多个举办和推广活动，从而提高其吸引众多游客的能力。例如，城市可以利用金融和人力资本等方面来促进城市成为投资目的地。与此相一致，这样一个城市将举办各种活动，展示其技能组合以及支持其不同部门投资的金融实力。
Whereas this is the case, researchers and scholars agree that not all events guarantee that a city will experience a positive change. One of the greatest challenges of creating eventful cities is the fact that whereas such events have a potential to attract a large number of visitors, their economic value cannot be guaranteed both in the short run and long run. For instance, Ziakas (2014) observe that whereas a city can invest heavily in planning and preparation to host an event, this does not necessarily imply that the city will recoup back its investments and generate surplus revenue from the event in question. This is further emphasized in the argument that whereas events could be beneficial in the short run to a particular city, such benefits cannot be guaranteed in the long run. For example, Zimbalist (2016) observe that whereas the Bird’s Nest stadium in Beijing played a key role in hosting the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and cost approximately $400 million to build, the venue has struggled so far to fill space during events, thus becoming a liability to the city of Beijing rather than an asset. Therefore, as Getz and Page (2016) emphasize, maintenance costs of the facility that hosts an event in a city could be prohibitive in the long, thus eliminating all the benefits that such a city gains from hosting an event.
尽管如此，研究人员和学者们一致认为，并非所有事件都能保证一个城市将经历积极的变化。创建多事城市的更大挑战之一是，尽管此类活动有可能吸引大量游客，但其经济价值在短期和长期都无法得到保证。例如，Ziakas（2014）观察到，尽管一个城市可以在举办活动的规划和准备方面投入巨资，但这并不一定意味着该城市将收回其投资，并从相关活动中产生盈余收入。该论点进一步强调了这一点，即尽管活动在短期内可能对特定城市有利，但从长期来看，这些好处无法得到保证。例如，Zimbalist（2016）观察到，尽管北京的鸟巢体育场在2008年北京奥运会的举办过程中发挥了关键作用，建造成本约为4亿美元，但到目前为止，该场馆一直难以在赛事期间填满场地，从而成为北京市的负债，而不是资产。因此，正如Getz和Page（2016）所强调的，在一个城市举办活动的设施的维护成本从长远来看可能是令人望而却步的，从而消除了该城市从举办活动中获得的所有好处。