Despite the advantages that market globalisation offers to markets and economies across the globe, there is a need to observe that as an organising framework, it has a number of weaknesses that undermines its advantages. These are revealed in its societal and firm level consequences in the economy. At a societal level, whereas market globalisation creates jobs for poor countries, most multinational corporations often pay low wages, thus undermining the welfare of the poor (David & Dorn 2013). This contributes to widening of the gap between the poor and the rich, thus a platform for persistence inequality in third world countries. In some cases, jobs are lost due to offshoring of jobs, thus increasing risks of a rise in unemployment levels in some economies. In addition to this, Vaidya (2006) argues that market globalisation undermines national sovereignty. As a result of this, countries and economies across the globe continue to lose their independency as far as decisions on their economic policies are concerned. This is worsened by the fact that due to a high level of integration, most economies are unable to shield themselves from the effects of financial or monetary crisis whenever it arises such as in the case of the 2007/08 global financial crisis.
尽管市场全球化为全球市场和经济体带来了诸多优势，但需要注意的是，作为一个组织框架，它存在许多削弱其优势的弱点。这些都体现在其对经济的社会和企业层面的影响中。在社会层面，尽管市场全球化为穷国创造了就业机会，但大多数跨国公司往往支付低工资，从而损害了穷人的福利（David&Dorn，2013）。这有助于扩大贫富差距，从而成为第三世界持续不平等的平台。在某些情况下，由于工作外包，工作岗位流失，从而增加了一些经济体失业率上升的风险。除此之外，Vaidya（2006）认为市场全球化破坏了主权。因此，就其经济政策决策而言，全球各国和经济体继续失去独立性。更糟糕的是，由于高度一体化，大多数经济体无法在金融或货币危机发生时保护自己免受其影响，例如2007/08年全球金融危机。
On a firm level, there are both positive and negative consequences of market globalisation as an organising framework. With regard to positive consequences, there is a need to note that market globalisation creates numerous opportunities that businesses can explore on an international market, thus achieving substantial growth (Cavusgil, Knight & Riesenberger 2016). For instance, due to market globalisation, businesses that engage in proactive internationalisation are likely to easily access new markets for their products and/or services. Furthermore, market globalisation plays an instrumental role in helping firms internationalise their value chain, thus enabling them to reduce the cost of production and enhance efficiency. Whereas this is the case, there is a significant rise in the level of competition among firms across the globe, with local small firms facing the risk of being faced out of business by large multinational corporations. Furthermore, firms that fail to proactive engage in internationalisation activities are unlikely to benefit from the opportunities that market globalisation creates. With this in mind, whereas market globalisation plays a critical in organisation and redefining the way economies and firms engage in international businesses, it also poses risks to such economies and firms.
在企业层面上，市场全球化作为一种组织框架，既有积极的影响，也有消极的影响。关于积极后果，需要注意的是，市场全球化创造了许多机会，企业可以在国际市场上探索，从而实现大幅增长（Cavusgil，Knight&Riesenberger，2016）。例如，由于市场全球化，参与积极国际化的企业可能很容易为其产品和/或服务进入新市场。此外，市场全球化在帮助企业实现价值链国际化方面发挥着重要作用，从而使企业能够降低生产成本并提高效率。尽管如此，全球企业之间的竞争水平显著上升，当地小企业面临着被大型跨国公司停业的风险。此外，未能积极参与国际化活动的公司不太可能从市场全球化创造的机会中获益。考虑到这一点，尽管市场全球化在组织和重新定义经济体和企业参与国际业务的方式方面发挥着关键作用，但它也给这些经济体和企业带来了风险。
Question 2: Cross-cultural risk 问题2：跨文化风险
One of the greatest challenges that people from different parts of the globe often encounter is cultural misunderstanding, which could undermine human values and impact negatively on all dimensions of international business. One of the factors that contribute to cross-cultural risk is language. An evaluation of people from different parts of the world indicates that there are significant differences among them as far as language use is concerned (Menipaz & Menipaz 2011). For example, language poses a cross-cultural risk to a negotiation environment that involves people from different backgrounds. Apart from language, another aspect that poses such a risk is the value system. Notably, despite the fact that market globalisation has increased the interaction of people from different parts of the globe, there still exist significant differences in the value system of people from diverse backgrounds (Menipaz & Menipaz 2011). For instance, whereas the people from an American background are likely to value individualism, people from a Chinese background are likely to value collectivism. In addition to these, there is a need to observe that people are different backgrounds are influenced by the custom and/or religious practices, which affect their lifestyles and mind-sets. Therefore, when engaged in aspects such as making decisions, people are likely to follow divergent decision-making paths. If such differences in their customs and/or religious practices are not acknowledged, it could create cross-cultural conflicts, thus undermining their ability to collaborate in an international business environment.
来自世界各地的人们经常遇到的更大挑战之一是文化误解，这可能破坏人类价值观，并对国际商业的各个方面产生负面影响。造成跨文化风险的因素之一是语言。对来自世界不同地区的人的评估表明，就语言使用而言，他们之间存在显著差异（Menipaz&Menipaz，2011）。例如，语言对涉及不同背景的人的谈判环境构成了跨文化风险。除了语言之外，造成这种风险的另一个方面是价值体系。值得注意的是，尽管市场全球化增加了来自全球不同地区的人之间的互动，但不同背景的人的价值体系仍然存在显著差异（Menipaz&Menipaz 2011）。例如，美国背景的人可能重视个人主义，而中国背景的人可能重视集体主义。除此之外，还需要注意的是，不同背景的人受到习俗和/或宗教习俗的影响，这些习俗和/或宗教习俗会影响他们的生活方式和心态。因此，当从事决策等方面的工作时，人们可能会遵循不同的决策路径。如果不承认他们在习俗和/或宗教习俗方面的差异，就可能造成跨文化冲突，从而损害他们在国际商业环境中的合作能力。