Question 1: Market globalization as an organizing framework 问题1：作为组织框架的市场全球化
The global business environment continues to experience significant transformation mainly because of advances in technology and globalisation of markets. In line with this, there is a growing integration and interdependence of markets both on a regional and global basis as they seek to reduce trade barriers and promote the growth of trade. Speaking from this point of view, this paper examines and analyse market globalisation as an organising framework. In order to understand how market globalisation acts as an organising framework, there a need to consider drivers, dimensions, societal consequences and the firm consequences of market globalisation.
由于技术进步和市场全球化，全球商业环境继续经历重大变革。与此相一致，随着市场寻求减少贸易壁垒和促进贸易增长，在区域和全球范围内，市场的一体化和相互依存性日益增强。从这一角度出发，本文将市场全球化作为一个组织框架进行考察和分析。为了理解市场全球化如何作为一个组织框架，需要考虑驱动因素、维度、社会后果和市场全球化的企业后果。
To begin with, researchers and scholars have identified a number of drivers of market globalisation. One of these drivers is reduction of barriers to trade across the globe. In reference to Felbermayr, Prat and Schmerer (2011), different economies across the globe have focused on reducing barriers to trade in order to not only attract foreign investment but also enhance their accessibility to international markets. Similarly, market globalisation as an organising framework has played a critical role in promoting the advance of technology across the globe (Montobbio & Sterzi, 2013). This is particularly the case considering the fact that as businesses seek to effectively compete with their international counterparts, they have relied on technological advances as a way to lower the cost of production, enhance their capability to proactively internationalise, as well as reduce the cost of doing business in an international environment. In addition, the globalisation of markets has been instrumental in helping firms within a particular market access funding and capital from other markets across the globe through the integration of global financial markets (Lane & Milesi-Ferretti 2008). Therefore, as an organising framework, market globalisation continues to play a key role in facilitating financial trade and transactions the globe, thus creating a platform for easy transfer of funds and capital across different markets.
首先，研究人员和学者已经确定了市场全球化的若干驱动因素。其中一个驱动因素是减少全球贸易壁垒。参考Felbermayr、Prat和Schmerer（2011年），全球不同的经济体都致力于减少贸易壁垒，以便不仅吸引外国投资，而且提高其进入国际市场的机会。同样，市场全球化作为一种组织框架，在推动全球技术进步方面发挥了关键作用（Montobbio&Sterzi，2013）。考虑到企业在寻求与国际同行有效竞争的同时，依靠技术进步降低生产成本，增强主动国际化能力，以及降低在国际环境中开展业务的成本。此外，市场全球化有助于通过全球金融市场的整合，帮助特定市场内的公司从全球其他市场获得资金和资本（Lane&Milesi Ferretti 2008）。因此，作为一个组织框架，市场全球化在促进全球金融贸易和交易方面继续发挥着关键作用，从而为不同市场之间的资金和资本的轻松转移创造了一个平台。
Similarly, there is a need to observe that researchers and scholars identify six main dimensions of market globalisation. One of these dimensions is the increase in interdependence and integration of economies on a national level. Note that governments and economic stakeholders have realised that their economies cannot thrive on their own (Cavusgil, Knight & Riesenberger 2016). As a result of this, they have focused on reducing trade barriers, thus increasing their integration with and interdependence on other economies for their growth. The second dimension of market globalisation is the emergence of regional economic blocs. According to Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger (2016), market globalisation continues to promote the integration of two or more countries within a particular region with the aim of eliminating barriers to trade in order to enhance trade in such regions. In other words, market globalisation has been instrumental in organising the emergence of regional bloc for the purpose of facilitating trade in such areas. The third and fourth dimensions of market globalisation include the globalisation of services and globalisation of production activities. In their analysis, Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger (2016) argue that market globalisation has been instrumental in helping bring reforms in the service sector, thus encouraging its internationalisation. Furthermore, it has helped encourage nations to take advantage of economies of scale in their production activities, thus creating a platform for efficient production and enhanced competitiveness on international markets. Fourthly, market globalisation has help promote organisation of the investment and financial aspects in economies. In this case, there is an increase in foreign direct investment and the flow of financial and capital investment in different economies around the globe. Lastly, through market globalisation, there is a convergence of consumer lifestyles, a factor that has contributed to the standardisation of products and services on the market. Such standardisation of products makes it easier for multinational corporations to segment markets, and as such, easily target them.
同样，需要注意的是，研究人员和学者确定了市场全球化的六个主要方面。其中一个方面是一级经济的相互依存和一体化程度的提高。请注意，政府和经济利益相关者已经意识到，他们的经济无法靠自己的力量实现繁荣（Cavusgil，Knight&Riesenberger，2016）。因此，它们把重点放在减少贸易壁垒上，从而加强与其他经济体的融合和相互依存，促进它们的增长。市场全球化的第二个方面是区域经济集团的出现。根据Cavusgil、Knight和Riesenberger（2016），市场全球化继续促进特定区域内两个或多个的一体化，目的是消除贸易壁垒，以促进这些区域的贸易。换句话说，市场全球化有助于组织区域集团的出现，以促进这些地区的贸易。市场全球化的第三和第四个方面包括服务全球化和生产活动全球化。在他们的分析中，Cavusgil、Knight和Riesenberger（2016）认为市场全球化有助于服务业的改革，从而鼓励其国际化。此外，它还帮助鼓励各国在其生产活动中利用规模经济，从而为高效生产和提高国际市场竞争力创造一个平台。第四，市场全球化有助于促进经济体投资和金融方面的组织。在这种情况下，外国直接投资以及金融和资本投资在全球不同经济体的流动都有所增加。最后，通过市场全球化，消费者生活方式趋同，这一因素促成了市场上产品和服务的标准化。这种产品标准化使得跨国公司更容易细分市场，因此也更容易瞄准市场。