Assignment One 任务一
Communication is one of the elements in society that continue to attract the attention of researchers and scholars across the globe. Researchers and scholars agree that people in society employ different approaches to communication depending on the message they intent to pass to their target audience (Mangion, 2011; Mcquail & Windahl, 2015). In his study findings, Mangion (2011) reveals that the communication approach or model that a person adopt when communicating with a particular depends on the context of the process of this communication. Similarly, Mcquail and Windahl (2015) observe that communication is dynamic by nature irrespective of the approach and rationale that one adopts in the communication process. One of the aspects that has been observed in the past in most communication contexts is the fact that people’s approach to communication changed depending on whether their aim to communicate is founded on political solidarity (propaganda), commercial appeal (advertising) or informing people in the common interest (public service communication).
传播是社会中继续吸引全球研究人员和学者注意的因素之一。研究人员和学者一致认为，社会中的人们根据他们想要传递给目标受众的信息采用不同的沟通方式（Mangion，2011；Mcquail&Windahl，2015）。在他的研究发现中，Mangion（2011）揭示了一个人在与特定人沟通时采用的沟通方法或模式取决于这种沟通过程的背景。同样，Mcquail和Windahl（2015）观察到，无论在沟通过程中采用何种方法和原理，沟通本质上都是动态的。过去在大多数传播环境中观察到的一个方面是，人们的传播方式发生了变化，这取决于他们的传播目的是建立在政治团结（宣传）、商业诉求（广告）还是为了共同利益（公共服务传播）的基础上。
To begin with, contrary to the simple definition of communication that is often portrayed in different spheres of society where communication is perceived as a simply the passing on of a message from the sender to the receiver, there is a need to observe that communication in itself is a complex process that goes beyond this simple definition. In his critical analysis of R. G. Collingwood’s work on art and aesthetics, Davies (2008) observes that there is a need to distinguish the work of art as an expression from the work of art as expressive. Arguing from this point of view, there is a need to examine communication as both an action and a process that allows individuals to engage each other through the exchange of different messages in a particular context. Notably, without such understanding, it is difficult to ascertain and affirm the argument that the approach to communication changes depending on the aim of communicating.
首先，与社会不同领域通常描述的通信的简单定义相反，在社会不同领域，通信被视为一种简单的通信，即从发送者向接收者传递消息，需要注意的是，通信本身是一个复杂的过程，超出了这个简单的定义。在对R.G.Collingwood的艺术和美学作品进行批判性分析时，Davies（2008）指出，有必要将艺术作品区分为表达性作品和表达性作品。从这一观点出发，有必要将交流视为一种行动和一个过程，使个人能够在特定的环境中通过交换不同的信息相互参与。值得注意的是，如果没有这样的理解，就很难确定和肯定这样一个论点，即交流的方式取决于交流的目的。
One of the rationales of communication in society is political solidarity, which is popularly referred to as propaganda. To begin with, Jowett (1987) observes that in the modern world, propaganda is defined as political activities with the aim of shifting the public perception on a particular issue and as a result, creating a platform to promotes some element of hatred towards a certain group or people in society. In this regard, Jowett (1987) is of the opinion that through propaganda, governments, specific groups and even individuals in society manages the sway the perception of the general public towards a particular issues and by doing so, they justify their course of action in society. Importantly, there is a need to observe that people who are engaged in a communication activity for the sake of political solidarity use a communication approach that exploits certain elements of human nature.
社会传播的基本原理之一是政治团结，这通常被称为宣传。首先，Jowett（1987年）指出，在现代世界，宣传被定义为政治活动，其目的是改变公众对某一特定问题的看法，从而创造一个平台，宣扬对社会上某一群体或某一个人的某种仇恨。在这方面，Jowett（1987年）认为，通过宣传，政府、特定团体甚至社会中的个人可以控制公众对特定问题的看法，并以此证明他们在社会中的行动是正当的。重要的是，有必要观察到，为了政治团结而从事交流活动的人使用的交流方式利用了人性的某些因素。