Table of Contents 目录
INTRODUCTION 导言
CELEBRITIES AND SOCIETY 名人与社会
FACTORS THAT REVEAL CELEBRITISATION IN SOCIETY 揭示社会中庆祝活动的因素FORCES BEHIND CELEBRITISATION IN SOCIETY 社会庆祝活动背后的力量
CELEBRITY CAPITAL 名人资本
CELEBRITIES’ CULTURAL CAPITAL 名人的文化资本
CELEBRITIES’ SOCIAL CAPITAL 名人的社会资本
CELEBRITY CAPITAL: CONVERTIBILITY 名人资本：可兑换
CASE STUDIES: ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER 案例研究：阿诺德·施瓦辛格
ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER 阿诺德·施瓦辛格
CONCLUSION 结论
REFERENCE LIST 参考清单
Introduction 介绍
Celebrity has become a dynamic and significant characteristic in the contemporary societies and cultures. Arguably, celebrity in different fields such as the economic, social, cultural and political field has become a cradle of power resource. In this regard, celebrity in most society is perceived as a point of separation between the ‘most influence’ and the ‘ordinary’ people. In reference to Driessens (2013), the growing important and influence of celebrity in the modern society is anchored mainly on the media whereby appearing on the media lends a person a significant level of perceived importance as compared to persons who do not feature in any form of the media. This is affirmed by Driessens (2013a), who observe that gaining a celebrity status in the modern highly medialised society gives one discursive power or a voice that cannot be ignored. As such, people who are perceived as celebrities employ their ‘celebrity status’ to influence society in different areas such as in politics and the entertainment industry such as reality television. Importantly, despite the growing popularity of the celebrity culture particularly in the modern media, there are sharp differences among scholars on whether this culture has any form of relevance in the contemporary society. While this is the case, Driessens (2013a) observe that a significant population in society renders a strong attention to this culture in society. Speaking from this point of view, this paper evaluates the influence of celebrities in the contemporary society. In particular, the paper will employ Bourdieu’s concepts of capital(s) to address this topic. The paper begins by looking at different elements of celebrity before relating celebrity to Bourdieu’s capital concepts. To gain further insight on the topic, the paper will conduct a case study on Arnold Schwarzenegger, a Hollywood celebrity who successful ventured into the United States politics.
名人在当代社会和文化中已成为一种动态的、显著的特征。可以说，经济、社会、文化和政治等不同领域的名人已经成为权力资源的摇篮。在这方面，大多数社会中的名人被视为“最有影响力”和“普通”人之间的一个分离点。参考Driessens（2013年），名人在现代社会中日益重要和影响力的主要来源是媒体，与不在任何形式的媒体上露面的人相比，出现在媒体上会给人带来显著的感知重要性。Driessens（2013a）证实了这一点，他观察到，在现代高度媒体化的社会中获得名人地位，会给人话语权或话语权，这是不可忽视的。因此，被视为名人的人利用他们的“名人身份”在不同领域影响社会，如政治和娱乐行业，如真人秀电视。重要的是，尽管名人文化日益流行，尤其是在现代媒体中，但学者们对于这种文化在当代社会是否具有任何形式的相关性存在着尖锐的分歧。在这种情况下，Driessens（2013a）观察到，社会中的大量人口对社会中的这种文化给予了强烈关注。从这一角度出发，本文对名人在当代社会中的影响进行了评价。特别是，本文将采用布迪厄的资本概念来解决这一问题。在将名人与布迪厄的资本概念联系起来之前，本文首先考察了名人的不同要素。为了进一步了解这个话题，本文将对成功涉足美国政坛的好莱坞名人阿诺德·施瓦辛格（Arnold Schwarzenegger）进行案例研究。
Celebrities and society 名人与社会
To begin with, the increasing attention that celebrities attract in society has contributed to different definitions of what ‘celebrity’ is. To begin with, Rojek (2001) defines a celebrity as a person with innate skills, qualities and/or authenticity, or a person with a high level of charisma. In other words, Rojek (2001) perceives a celebrity as a person with notorious or glamorous status within a public sphere. With this in mind, this researcher associated celebrity status within a specific individual within a particular society. On his part, Barron (2014) extends Rojek’s definition of celebrity and affirms that celebrity is temporal and depends heavily on the timing, marketing and the instantaneous appeal. Importantly, there are different factors that indicate celebritisation in society. These include democratisation, diversification and migration. In addition to factors that indicate celebritisation, there are a number of forces that this concept including democratisation, diversification and migration.
首先，名人在社会上吸引的越来越多的注意力导致了对什么是“名人”的不同定义。首先，Rojek（2001）将名人定义为具有先天技能、品质和/或真实性的人，或具有高度魅力的人。换句话说，Rojek（2001）将名人视为在公共领域中具有臭名昭著或魅力地位的人。考虑到这一点，这名研究人员将名人身份与特定社会中的特定个人联系起来。Barron（2014）扩展了Rojek对名人的定义，并确认名人是暂时的，在很大程度上取决于时机、营销和即时吸引力。重要的是，社会上有不同的庆祝因素。其中包括民主化、多样化和移民。除了表明庆祝的因素外，还有许多因素影响这一概念，包括民主化、多样化和移民。