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Business: Marketing Management范文:
This dissertation focuses on policy issues in non-profit markets using tools from the industrial organization and labour literatures. The first essay investigates the impact of hospital closures and mergers. We use data on a large wave of directed hospital mergers and closures in the province of Ontario, Canada to investigate the impact of hospital reorganization on patient welfare. We estimate a model of patient hospital choice on data collected before the reorganization, finding that both distance and hospital quality are determinants of choice. The model is then used to understand the short-run and long-run welfare impact of reorganization. Results suggest that cost savings and efficiency are not the only factors to consider when restructuring in settings where patients do not pay for services. Hospital access and quality must be considered. The second essay investigates the market for senior management in the U.S. charities sector. Using charity-level data from 990 Forms filed for the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, we document two new stylized facts not previously documented in the literature. First, we find that female managers are more likely to receive compensation than male managers. Second, conditional on receiving compensation, female managers receive 8% lower total compensation than their male counterparts. We show the gender pay gap is only present in the largest charities (top two quintiles in the revenue distribution). Both findings are robust to the inclusion of charity classification fixed effects (between estimator) and charity fixed effects (within estimator). Our exploration of mechanisms driving the gender pay gap in this context points out a mismatch between pay dispersion and performance dispersion. While pay dispersion across genders is consistent with organizations perceiving male managers as differentiated unlike female managers, and there are no differences in performance dispersion supporting this perception.
本论文使用工业组织和劳工文献中的工具关注非营利市场的政策问题。第一篇文章调查了医院关闭和合并的影响。我们使用加拿大安大略省大量定向医院合并和关闭的数据来调查医院重组对患者福利的影响。我们根据重组前收集的数据估计了患者医院选择的模型,发现距离和医院质量都是选择的决定因素。然后使用该模型来了解重组的短期和长期福利影响。结果表明,在患者不支付服务费用的环境中进行重组时,成本节约和效率并不是唯一需要考虑的因素。必须考虑医院的准入和质量。第二篇文章调查了美国慈善部门的高级管理人员市场。使用来自为美国国税局提交的 990 份表格中的慈善级别数据,我们记录了两个以前未在文献中记录的新的程式化事实。首先,我们发现女性管理者比男性管理者更有可能获得报酬。其次,在获得报酬的条件下,女性管理者的总报酬比男性管理者低 8%。我们展示了性别薪酬差距仅存在于最大的慈善机构(收入分配中的前两个五分之一)。这两项发现都对包含慈善分类固定效应(估计器之间)和慈善固定效应(估计器内)是稳健的。我们对在这种情况下推动性别薪酬差距的机制的探索指出了薪酬差异和绩效差异之间的不匹配。虽然不同性别的薪酬差异与组织认为男性经理与女性经理不同,但绩效差异没有差异支持这种看法。